How lack of sign language interpreters affects healthcare delivery for PWDs despite huge budgetary allocations in Kano
By Stephen Enoch
The dearth of sign language interpreters across health facilities in Kano is one which has limited quality healthcare service delivery for the hearing impaired People with Disabilities (PWDs). Stephen Enoch investigates the lack of these interpreters amidst the government’s huge budgetary allocation.
The Kano government’s increased investment in healthcare over the last five years has seen it surpass the annual 15% budgetary allocation benchmark to the health sector as agreed by African governments in 2001. However, the essential need for sign language interpreters in hospitals in the state for all-inclusive health coverage has been left out.
A background check revealed that many PWDs, especially the hearing impaired have resorted to private hospitals for better attention or getting personal interpreters for communication at health facilities.
For others who cannot get an interpreter and are literate, they explain to the doctor in written form. For those who are fairly literate or completely illiterate, communication with the doctor is nearly impossible.
The trend analysis of the allocation and releases of the Kano state health budget from 2018-2022 shows that the government allocated over N161 bn to the health sector.
In 2018 the health sector budget percentage was 13.07%, in 2019 it increased by 2.15, in 2020 it dropped by 0.06%, in 2021 it increased again to 2.10% and dropped by 1.90% in 2022.
Source: PACFaH@Scale-BMGF-dRPC
Death of one, the beginning of health difficulties for many
Up until the death of Shafiu Haruna, a cleaner at Bichi general hospital in Bichi Local Government Area (LGA) who assisted with interpretations for the hearing impaired whenever the need arose at the facility, accessing healthcare was seamless for the hearing impaired.
A few months after his demise, accessing healthcare for the PWDs can be likened to walking on pins and needles, barefooted.
29-year-old Hajara Tasiu, a resident of Bichi LGA to date, carries a mental scar of rejection, and deprivation amongst a myriad of harrowing experiences she suffered while on admission at Bichi general hospital, a few days before her expected date of delivery.
“The memory of how I suffered because of the lack of an interpreter during the delivery of Hauwa (Her baby) still makes me bitter to date,” she said, as she pitifully took a glance at 7-month-old Hauwa tightly strapped at her back.
“Both the cleaners and the Nurses on duty didn’t pay attention to me. My bed space was left unattended for days, and when I expressed my displeasure with how they have been treating me, they responded in a very harsh and belittling manner.
“They also denied me some services and I wanted to report but even if I did, who would understand me? I couldn’t interact with the other women in the ward and it was painful that there was no interpreter so I had to endure the emotional pain for that moment.” she expressed.
“Shafiu’s demise affects our communication with health workers here”, says Hajara Tasiu. Photo: Stephen Enoch
The D-day had arrived and the mother of six was in labour, ready for Hauwa’s birth but the delivery came with a little complication. The doctor and other health workers gave her several instructions but she couldn’t understand however hard she tried and to that end, couldn’t act accordingly.
“It was frustrating because I was in pain and the doctors had the solutions and were giving instructions but I was just looking but couldn’t comprehend anything.
“I was left in a confused state to the extent that I felt more emotional pain than the actual delivery pains in the process of giving birth to Hauwa.
“I was helpless and hurt because even when I tried to speak with the health officials using sign language, no one understood because there was no person that could assist with interpreting.
“I don’t like to remember that day because it was one of the worst deliveries I have ever had,” she narrated.
How Hajara gave birth to her child remains a miracle, according to her. She said the atmosphere felt like she was in another place entirely, at the peak of the delivery but thanked God for the safe delivery of her child.
“I don’t pray for any woman to experience what I passed through because honestly, I really suffered. My husband and I cannot afford a private hospital because we are poor. I thank Allah for seeing me through and honestly, the demise of Shafiu is really affecting many hearing-impaired PWDs that access care here,” she said.
Accessing healthcare through gambled communication
36-year-old Maryam Husaini, a resident of Kofar Hakimi in Sumaila LGA, about 74Km away from the Kano metropolis is melancholic whenever she visits the hospital because it is either she is left for hours unattended to or has to try communicating with health workers using sign language even when she clearly knows that they cannot comprehend most times but always tries her luck, with the hope that they understand her message.
Unfortunately, her explanation does not often end up being understood by most times.
Narrating her ordeal to this reporter, the mother of five vividly recollects a period when she was overwhelmed with a serious fever to the point that the symptoms couldn’t be contained at home and had no other option than to visit Sumaila General Hospital after she vomited more than five times before noon.
The scorching sun didn’t help matters as she used the last energy left in her to scout for a motorcycle that took her to the hospital.
“On arrival at the hospital, I met a doctor. My communication couldn’t be understood as usual and I was too weak to continue with the gesticulation, so I was referred to the laboratory for a test where it was discovered that I was malaria positive.
“I was treated and given drugs which made me a bit relieved. I went home not knowing that the worst was yet to happen. There was an underlining illness which wasn’t treated.
“It didn’t take more than two days and I started vomiting profusely and this time it was so serious to the extent that I collapsed and passed out. I lay flat on the floor and couldn’t move any part of my body. I was quickly rushed back to the hospital where I was given about seven packs of drip before I gained consciousness and then treated for the second time.
Maryam Hussaini. Photo: Stephen Enoch
“The second treatment in the hospital didn’t stop me from vomiting although this time, it wasn’t as intense as the previous and after ten days of the lingering vomiting and fever, I just had to resort to taking local herbs which gradually enabled my recovery. It was a life-threatening experience and I thank Allah for saving my life.” She said.
Part 5 (24) of the 2018 PWD discrimination prohibition act signed by president Buhari in 2019 states that “a public hospital where a person with communicational disabilities is medically attended to, shall make provisions for special communication.” This wasn’t provided and caused Hajara and Maryam and many others to pass through such a gory experience.
Reality check
A spot investigation carried out on a facility to assess to get first-hand information on how the hearing impaired PWDs access healthcare amidst the lack of sign language interpreters, correlated with a World Health Organization (WHO) report that says PWDs are three times more likely to be denied healthcare, four times more likely to be treated badly in the healthcare system, and 50% more likely to suffer catastrophic health expenditure.
The investigation was carried out by Auwalu Salisu, a hired hearing-impaired resident of Hotoron Arewa in the Nassarawa local government area of Kano state.
It was a few minutes past 5 pm when Salisu arrived at Muhammadu Abdullahi Wase Teaching Hospital (aka Nassarawa Hospital) in Nassarawa LGA under a close of the watch reporter.
Salisu’s destination was the outpatient department (OPD).
At the gate of the hospital, tried asking the security man to show him the way but unfortunately, the security man was dumbfounded as he couldn’t understand him and thus, directed him to the male medical ward.
Muhammadu Abdullahi Wase Teaching Hospital. Photo: Stephen Enoch
At the male medical ward, a health worker led him to the male surgical ward and was subsequently directed to another department in the hospital by another staff afterwards.
It was getting dark. Salisu noticed that people were trooping to the accident and emergency ward, he entered and sat waiting to be attended by a health official.
After waiting for his turn, Salisu met the health worker on duty and tried explaining that he felt feverish but on realizing that he is hearing impaired, the health worker immediately referred him to another office.
When he tried communicating with officials in the office, he was referred to the reception, there; he was tossed around by three different personnel. They didn’t want to attend to him because of the communication barrier.
Following Salisu’s persistence, a health worker agreed to attend to him.
Health worker (making gestures with his hands)…. “Can you hear, can you hear what I am saying?
Salisu silence depicted that he could not hear. The officer then directed him behind the counter and flashed a medical light in his eye and inside his mouth. Afterwards, he tried to ask Salisu how he felt by gesticulating and then, in turn, Salisu used sign language to communicate, but they were both left confused.
The healthcare worker then told Salisu to step aside for him to attend to other patients.
Salisu watched as others were attended to but he was left standing aside. After he got tired of waiting, he left the hospital. No one called him back or try to attend to him.
Auwal patiently waited for the health worker to attend to him he was told to step aside. Photo: Stephen Enoch.
Article 25 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) says “state parties recognize that persons with disabilities have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination on the basis of disability.
States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure access for persons with disabilities to health services that are gender-sensitive, including health-related rehabilitation” but the case was different when Salisu visited Nassarawa Teaching Hospital in Kano.
Doctor’s communication with hearing-impaired patients
Dr Abdullahi Suleiman, Chairman of the Kano Chapter of the Nigerian Medical Association (NMA) underscores the importance of sign languages across health facilities as health is a critical aspect of human life.
He said: “Doctor’s communication with hearing-impaired PWDs in a situation when there is no interpreter can be very challenging.
“Doctor-Patient interaction depends on the exchange of information between them and the lack of understanding of the hearing impaired will prevent the doctor from collecting the right information from the patient, thereby not knowing the symptoms, the extent of the illness and possible treatment options, and will affect the quality of care they receive.
“I have attended to patients that are hearing impaired and communication with them is quite challenging and conversing with literate hearing-impaired PWDs is easier through writing notes but is really time-consuming, considering a situation when there are a handful of patients to attend to.”
Dr Suleiman agreed the burden on Doctors will be greatly reduced if sign language interpreters are adequately engaged in health facilities across the state because doctors do not have any special training for communicating with the hearing impaired.
Signing the 2021 Kano State PWD amendment bill into law, a silver lining?
The Office of the Secretary-General to the Kano State government (SSG), Expanding Social Protection for Inclusive Development Project (ESPID), and Partnership to Engage, Reform and Learn (PERL) amongst others, have been overtime, working collaboratively to ensure that the government signs the 2021 Kano state amendment bill into law as well as the 2018 PWD discrimination prohibition act.
The bill has been signed into law by the Kano state governor and it makes provision for a commission for the PWDs in the state and includes the representation of all the six clusters of disabilities in the commission.
Rabiu Abdullahi, the director, of development partners at the office of the SSG said through civic education and advocacy to the government by non-governmental organizations, the Kano state ministry of planning and budget has accepted and included the budget of the commission for the PWDs in the 2023 budget which will ensure commission has its own budget line.
“The government has made provision for the establishment of the commission in the 2023 budget and either this year or next, the PWD commission will come into being and the 2018 prohibition against PWD law will be implemented in Kano state soonest.
“While we cannot assure that interpreters will be adequately provided across all health facilities in the state because we have so many health centres in Kano but the establishment of the commission and implementation of the law will significantly aid access to health by the hearing impaired in the state.
“Even if there is a provision that all health facilities should have sign language interpreters, I’m not sure there are enough interpreters to occupy all the health facilities in the state but when the law comes fully functional, I am certain that major hospitals like Nassarawa, Murtala will have sign language interpreters because it is a gradual process” He explained.
High-level advocacy, collaboration, the way forward – Kano ministry of health
Dr Shehu Abdullahi, the director of medical services at the Kano state ministry of health recognizes the fact that hearing-impaired PWDs in the state have constrained access to healthcare by the absence of sign language interpreters and non-comprehension of sign language by health workers.
He said there is a restructuring in the ministry of health which he believes will capture the hearing impaired as the Disability bill has been signed into law by the government, pointing out that high-level advocacy to the ministry of health on the challenges of hearing impaired PWDs at health facilities due to the lack of interpreters will aid the government respond accordingly.
“There is a need to provide data while carrying out this advocacy to push for the yearnings of the hearing impaired PWDs so as to inform the government’s decision to the employment of sign language interpreters in health facilities in the state.
“The issue of disability is not under the ministry of health but the ministry of women affairs so there is a need for both ministries to collaborate so as to see that the needed personnel are employed to aid seamless access to healthcare delivery by the hearing impaired PWDs,” noted.
This publication is produced with support from the Wole Soyinka Centre for Investigative Journalism (WSCIJ) under the Collaborative Media Engagement for Development, Inclusion and Accountability Project (CMEDIA) funded by the MacArthur Foundation.
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